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From CSSR acquisitions, the COPD subjects showed red blood cell to tissue�Cplasma (RBC-to-TP) ratios below the average for the healthy subjects (p Hesperadin we found that all the ratios (TP to gas phase (GP), RBC to GP, RBC to TP) measured in the COPD subjects were lower than those from the healthy subjects (p AZD2281 differed considerably between subjects. Despite having been performed at different lung inflation levels, the RBC-to-TP ratios measured by CSSR and 3D DP imaging were fairly consistent with each other, with a mean difference of 0.037 (ratios from 3D DP imaging larger). In ten subjects the RBC-to-GP ratios obtained from the 3D DP imaging acquisitions were also highly correlated with their diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide per unit alveolar volume ratios measured by pulmonary function testing (R = 0.91). Copyright ?2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""The arterial transit time (��a) is a potentially important physiological parameter which may provide valuable information for Quisinostat the characterization of cerebrovascular diseases. The present study shows that ��a can be measured by arterial spin labeling (ASL) applied quasi-continuously in an amplitude-modulated fashion at the human neck. Imaging was performed using short repetition times and excitation flip angles of 90��, which resulted in the selection of an ASL signal of mostly intravascular origin. Model-independent estimates of ��a were obtained directly from the temporal shift of the ASL time series. An extended two-compartment perfusion model was developed in order to simulate the basic features of the proposed method and to validate the evaluation procedure. Vascular structures found in human ��a maps, such as the circle of Willis or cerebral border zones, hint at the sensitivity of the method to most sizes of arterial vessels. Group-averaged values of ��a measured from the carotid bifurcation to the tissue of interest in selected regions of the human brain ranged from 925?ms in the insular cortex to 2000?ms in the thalamic region. Copyright ? 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ""After ischemic stroke, the ischemic damage to brain tissue evolves over time and with an uneven spatial distribution. Early irreversible changes occur in the ischemic core, whereas, in the penumbra, which receives more collateral blood flow, the damage is more mild and delayed. A better characterization of the penumbra, irreversibly damaged and healthy tissues is needed to understand the mechanisms involved in tissue death.