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Figure S2 shows a representative PCr recovery time course and the time constant Resiquimod of the monoexponential fit (��PCr) for an adult subject and an elderly subject. This PCr recovery time constant (��PCr) and the maximal change possible in PCr level in oxygenated muscle (��PCrmax=[PCr]rest�C 0) yielded the oxidative phosphorylation capacity of muscle (ATPmax; Conley et al. 2000b), as follows: (1) The rate of glycolysis was determined from the H+ generated, based on the change in PCr and pH during muscle stimulation (Conley et al. 1998), as follows: (2) Delta efficiency The change in oxygen uptake required for a given change in power output during a ramp cycling protocol was used to define delta efficiency (?D). We examined www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html this relationship over a range up to about 70% of a subject's . The slope of the linear regression of O2 uptake on power was calculated for each subject. The inverse of the slope yielded the delta efficiency for that subject, as follows: (3) Contraction efficiency We calculated the efficiency of conversion of chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical power output (?C) using ATPmax and the leg power output at . We estimated ATP generation by the quadriceps (ATPquad) by multiplying ATPmax (phosphorylation capacity per volume of quadriceps) by the quadriceps volume (VQ, in litres) to yield the whole-muscle phosphorylation capacity as: (4) The peak power output due to the quadriceps (Pquad) was estimated using the quadriceps fraction of thigh volume (FQ, adult = 0.49, elderly = 0.44), as we previously reported for these two groups (Conley et al. 2000a): (5) The contractile-coupling efficiency was calculated as follows: (6) Mitochondrial-coupling efficiency Delta and contractile-coupling efficiencies were used to calculate mitochondrial-coupling SAR405838 supplier efficiency according to the scheme in Fig. 1 as: (7) A second method for determining ?M was derived from the phosphorylation capacity of mitochondria (ATPmax/Vv[mt,f]) as: (8) Mitochondrial coupling (P/O) was calculated from ?M as: (9) Groups were compared with Student's unpaired t test, with significance assigned at P