When You Do Not Understand Fluorouracil Right away or You'll Despise Yourself Down the road

) For all wood chemical traits, we tested for phylogenetic signal in the large-tree and sapling size classes individually, by calculating the K statistic in the ��Picante�� R package (Kembel et al. 2010). Generally, diglyceride K > 1 suggests that a trait has a greater phylogenetic signal than expected under Brownian motion, K selleck screening library analysis was based on a maximum likelihood reconstruction (D. L. Erickson et al., unpubl. data) dated using three plastid loci following Kress et al. (2009). This phylogeny included 1347 species from 15 separate forest dynamics plots established by the Centre for Tropical Forest Science, including 337 species from the plot on BCI. The taxa for BCI were pruned from the larger phylogeny after dating with PATHd8 (Britton et al. 2007) and employed in current phylogenetic analyses. For each K test, we then used the ��APE�� package in R (Paradis et al. 2004) to further prune the phylogenetic tree to include only those species that had associated wood chemical trait data. Results Inter- and intraspecific variation in wood chemical traits All wood chemical traits tested (H, L, H: L and Cconv) differed significantly between saplings and large trees (Table ?(Table1)1) [see Supporting Information��Figs 1 and 2]. Among species, we observed a consistent trend whereby saplings showed lower H, lower H: L ratio, and greater L when compared with conspecific large trees (Table ?(Table1,1, Fig. ?Fig.1)1) [see Supporting InformationFigs 1 and 2]. Similarly, in 16 of 24 species, we observed a trend whereby saplings showed greater Cconv compared with large trees (Table ?(Table1,1, Fig. ?Fig.1)1) [see Supporting Information��Figs 1 and 2]. Figure 1. Intraspecific relationships in wood chemical traits of Panamanian tree species. Intraspecific GDC-0941 clinical trial variation in holocellulose concentration (H; A), lignin concentration (L; B) H : L ratios (C), and carbon conversion factors (Cconv; D) for Panamanian rain forest ... Across 16 species, sapling H concentration (57.2 �� 0.8 % (S.E.)) was on average 20.6 % lower than the large-tree H concentration (69.2 �� 0.9 %: one-sided paired t-test, t = ?10.262, df = 15, P