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g., Cho et al., 2011?and?Dutra and Glantz, 2014). The differences in our study could relate to the younger age group used, size of the sample, or regional differences. An additional important finding relates to contexts for use. As has been shown in research on tobacco and alcohol use (Pentz & Riggs, 2013), both parents and peers were important influences on e-cigarette use. Although not reaching conventional levels of significance (p Dabrafenib order if peers also used. In addition, the finding that adolescents were over two times more likely to use e-cigarettes if their parents owned one suggests that a major source of e-cigarettes might be their parents. The present study could not determine whether adolescents take their parents�� e-cigarettes without their knowledge, or whether parents who may be using e-cigarettes to quit smoking offer their child an e-cigarette because they believe it is benign, or whether parent ownership represents a modeling influence on adolescent use behavior. Influences were similar for e-cigarette as well as tobacco or alcohol use in this study. Taken together, the findings support the possibility that e-cigarette use may Ritonavir represent a more general constellation of substance use behavior rather than a singular behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine demographic, contextual, and particularly EF as predictors of e-cigarette use among early adolescents, and use of tobacco or alcohol. The findings are also the first to suggest that e-cigarette use, at least among adolescents, may be emerging as a universal population-based problem, not limited by gender, socioeconomic status, or ethnicity. However, there are a few limitations to the present study. Similar to most recent studies of e-cigarette use, the data were cross-sectional. Thus, we could not address transition or progression selleck chemical of e-cigarette use in adolescents. Second, the study was intended primarily as a survey study of multiple health risk behaviors as an extension of a larger prevention trial rather than as a detailed, specific study of e-cigarette use and e-cigarette use risk. Similar to other recent studies, detailed measurement of e-cigarette use and use predictors is still evolving, e.g., nicotine dosage, puffing behavior, and taste. In addition, the present study used the BRIEF to measure EF, which some have suggested may represent more of a measure of problem behavior rather than EF per se (McCauley et al., 2010). However, it is considered an appropriate and ecologically valid measure of EF skills that are associated with goals and actions in everyday situations, which was the focus of the present study (Toplak et al., 2013).