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Blood plasmacytosis is an unusual haematological finding that is most commonly seen in plasma cell leukaemia or advanced stage multiple myeloma, in which case the plasma cells are part of the malignant clone and thus are monoclonal. Non-malignant reactive peripheral plasmacytosis is occasionally found in a variety of diseases, such as tumours, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases including sepsis, primary infection and reactivation of Epstein�CBarr virus, acute respiratory infections, parvovirus B19 infection, rubella and hepatitis virus A infection [6�C11]. In this study, we prospectively quantified and described blood plasmacytosis in returned this website travellers with DENV infection. We also characterized the immunological phenotype of these PCs by flow cytometry and explored associations with viral load, the appearance of anti-DENV IgG antibodies, and the presence of primary or secondary DENV infection. Returned travellers presenting with a history of see more and flow cytometric (FC) analysis of blood were Otenabant performed within 24?h after the blood was drawn. All patients at this department are routinely informed that their data can be used for observational studies. All patients consented to participate in this study. Serum samples were routinely tested for dengue antibodies with direct IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IgM-Capture ELISA (Panbio Tech Co., Brisbane, Australia). For real-time RT-PCR, RNA was isolated from blood plasma as described elsewhere [12]. RNA was reverse transcribed and amplified using an internally controlled and quantitative serotype-specific, TaqMan-based assay as described elsewhere [13]. Quantitative results were expressed as cDNA equivalents per millilitre. The RT-PCR and ELISA results were used for diagnosis and classification of dengue infection. Acute primary DENV infections were confirmed by RNA detection and/or detection of dengue-specific IgM antibodies in acute samples, in the absence of dengue serum-specific IgG antibodies. A negative first acute sample for dengue serum-specific IgM antibodies with seroconversion for IgM antibodies within 7�C14?days was also considered as primary dengue. Acute secondary DENV infections were confirmed on acute samples (