What Persons Should I Follow? Ritipenem Admirers On Bebo
(A) Spectral Doppler examination of the left IJV shows blood reflux (arrows) with duration of about 0.35 seconds. (B) Duplex Doppler study of the left vertebral vein shows normal antegrade flow with no evidence ... Inter-examination variability was evaluated in 20 patients. Paired t-test showed no significant change between the first and second time (P=0.85), indicating a good inter-examination agreement. Discussion Since the determination of CCSVI by Zamboni et al. [2] as a causative factor in the development of multiple sclerosis plaques, several studies with controversial results have been conducted in this regard. In the previous studies, variable imaging modalities, including extracranial and intracranial ultrasound, digital subtraction venography, check details and magnetic resonance venography were used to assess the relationship between CCSVI and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Some studies confirmed that the prevalence of CCSVI in multiple sclerosis patients was significantly higher, compared to their control subjects [11�C17]. In contrast, the results of other investigations contradicted those of Zamboni et selleck inhibitor al. [18�C35]. The following four investigators found equivocal results: Zivadinov et al. [36] reported a higher prevalence of CCSVI in multiple sclerosis, but with modest sensitivity and specificity. Floris et al. [37] found a slight, albeit not statistically significant difference in the prevalence of CCSVI between multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects. Lanzillo et al. [38] found that CCSVI was more common in multiple sclerosis patients. However, its prevalence was more related to the patient��s age. Chambers et al. [39] found an increased prevalence of IJV variations in their patients. However, the causal role of CCSVI in multiple sclerosis was not supported. In the present study, we investigated the potential relationship between multiple sclerosis and abnormal hemodynamics of cerebral venous drainage in our patients using real-time ultrasonography of the cervical veins. Four extracranial grayscale and color Doppler ultrasound parameters were examined in the case-control study. The criteria were similar to those adopted in the majority of the previous studies, i.e., B-mode IJV stenoses, reversal of postural Ritipenem control of the cerebral venous pathways, lack of detectable blood flow in IJVs and/or vertebral veins, and IJV and/or vertebral vein blood reflux in the supine or sitting position. In the current study, despite a higher prevalence of the first three above-mentioned parameters in multiple sclerosis patients (as compared to their age- and sex-matched healthy subjects), the difference between the two groups was not significant. The remainder criterion was not detected in any of our patients. However, blood reflux with a duration of
