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Second, we examined a group of biologically plausible candidate SNPs previously tested for association with NTDs but found to be unassociated. In these mostly small studies, this lack of association could have resulted from inadequate power. Third, we sought to confirm associations between NTDs and SNPs in folate-related and non-folate-related genes reported by others, often using smaller sample sizes than were available in this study. Fourth, now using a www.selleckchem.com/products/sch772984.html larger study population, we re-examined some SNPs that have been investigated by our research group. Details of case and control recruitment have been described previously [Kirke et al., 1993; Pangilinan et al., 2010]. NTD-affected families (583 full and partial trios that included 544 cases, 531 mothers, and 478 fathers) were recruited in the Republic of Ireland from 1993 to 2004 with assistance from the Irish Association for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus and the Public Health Nurses. Controls (N?=?999) were randomly selected from a bank of blood samples obtained between 1986 buy Dabrafenib and 1990 from 56,049 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at the three main maternity hospitals in Dublin, excluding women whose past or current pregnancies were affected with an NTD. Informed consent was obtained for the collection of all blood and buccal samples. Buccal cells were collected onto cotton swabs and placed in stabilizing buffer before being processed. Ethical approval for the study was provided by the Research Ethics Committee of the Health Research Board of Ireland and the Institutional Review Board of the National Human Genome Research Institute. We examined a total of 64 SNPs in 34 genes (for gene names and functions see supporting information Table I which may be found in the online version of this article). Ritonavir Six SNPs [MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C, MTR D919G, T (Brachyury) rs3127334, UCP2 ?866G>A and A55V] were previously evaluated by this research group, albeit with a smaller number of study subjects (