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In addition, increased fiber spread was strongly associated with increased radial diffusivity (p?=?6?��?10�C6) and decreased fractional anisotropy selleck inhibitor (p?=?5?��?10�C8), and was weakly associated with decreased axial diffusivity (p?=?0.07). Increased fiber density was associated with increased fractional anisotropy (p?=?0.03), and weakly associated with decreased radial diffusivity (p?Cilengitide cortex. In addition, significant negative regression (p?Palbociclib solubility dmso for the assessment of BBB disruption rely heavily on the spatiotemporal analysis of extravasating contrast agents. However, such methods based on the leakage of relatively large molecules are not suitable for the detection of subtle BBB impairment or for the performance of repeated measurements in a short time frame. Quantification of the water exchange rate constant (WER) across the BBB using strictly intravascular contrast agents could provide a much more sensitive method for the quantification of the BBB integrity. To estimate WER, we have recently devised a powerful new method using a water exchange index (WEI) biomarker and demonstrated BBB disruption in an acute stroke model. Here, we confirm that WEI is sensitive to even very subtle changes in the integrity of the BBB caused by: (i) systemic hypercapnia and (ii) low doses of a hyperosmolar solution.