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However, although testing for latent TB infection among foreign-born individuals is recommended, this policy is difficult to implement [19]. Probably, a more cost-effective strategy would be to provide substantial and sustained funding for supporting and reinforcing the TB control programmes in these countries with high incidence of TB [21,22]. Our molecular epidemiology study detects significant differences between two consecutive periods, and provides clues to interpret the decrease in the incidence of TB in a context of steady increase of immigration. We believe that RVX-208 it is important to maintain the population-based molecular and epidemiological studies to identify changes in the TB transmission patterns, which should be considered to assure the efficiency of the TB control programmes. We thank Beatriz P�rez for reviewing the statistical analysis. This work was partially supported by the Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD06/0008/0011). The authors of the present manuscript do not have a commercial or other association that might pose a conflict of interest (e.g. pharmaceutical stock ownership, consultancy, advisory board membership, relevant click here patents or research funding). ""Nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The current study analysed data from a concurrent surveillance programme to examine the current epidemiological trends for nosocomial BSIs at 22 Japanese university hospitals from 1 April 2008 to 31 March 2012. The number of blood culture sets taken, the rate of multiple blood culture sets and the rates of antibiotic-resistant isolates among six major nosocomial BSI pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida spp.) not including coagulase-negative staphylococci, were evaluated. The clinical characteristics BMS-777607 cell line of nosocomial BSIs caused by these pathogens were also collected for 2941 patients. The number of blood culture sets taken per bed increased during the 4-year study period (from 4.07 in 2008 to 5.37 in 2011), and the rates of multiple blood culture sets also increased (from 29.9% in 2008 to 50.0% in 2011). Methicillin resistance was detected in 50.2% of S.?aureus isolates. The prevalence rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E.?coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates increased annually during the study period, and the average prevalence rates were 12.3% and 5.8%, respectively. The overall crude mortality of nosocomial BSIs due to the six pathogens evaluated was 24.5% (43.2% in ICU settings and 20.5% in non-ICU settings).