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Results/Discussion ��Place�� variables ��Place�� encompasses those variables defining the broad context for the experimental study. Table ?Table11 shows that early studies in the 1960s were conducted in field settings in countries of origin of the meditation tradition studied. The 1970s and 1980s were dominated by studies conducted in USA of Transcendental Meditation, a westernized yoga practice. More recent studies have taken advantage of the increased access in western countries to meditators trained within original eastern meditation traditions. Yet, it is suggested that even our ordinary state of consciousness is in part a product of consensus reality, structured by our cultural context and that the process of ��enculturation�� during childhood development shapes our experience of consciousness (64). Thus, the c-Myc cultural history of meditation tradition and practice within a particular society may determine the broad range of experiences available to meditators. This aspect of meditation research has yet to be explored and to our knowledge there have been no comparisons of meditation states attained in different settings. ��Person�� variables This domain encompasses variables relating to the personal history and the nature of the meditation training of participants. Apart from the extensive work conducted on TM, most studies appear to have selected the meditation practices to study on the basis of availability of subjects. Table ?Table11 shows that early field studies used advanced practitioners, while the western studies of the 1970s�C1990s usually had meditators with Alvocidib datasheet to experienced meditators. As yet there is no accepted way for researchers to determine meditation proficiency. ��Years of meditation practice�� has been the primary index of meditation expertise used in meditation research, STA-9090 molecular weight but this represents only a crude measure of proficiency. The stage of life when the practice was performed may also be relevant as brain structures are more malleable in the formative years. In traditional contemplative practice, a number of meditation practices may be utilized (7), thus attempting to specify the total hours spent in a particular meditation practice is not straightforward. Unlike other activities such as musical performance or video gaming, which lend themselves to more objective measures such as skill ranking or professional and educational attainment (65), meditation is an internal subjective experience that does not lend itself to external rating. A more accurate proficiency measure, although not so easily obtained, is a rating by the meditator��s teacher such as used by Kasamatsu and Hirai (19). Ideally studies should encompass a range of meditation proficiency �C beginners can show the progressive specificity of the effects of meditation, while experienced meditators are more likely to show distinct changes in states of consciousness (13).
