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g. of fluoroquinolones). The decline seen latterly may represent enhanced infection control measures including improvements in CDI-related education and judicious antibiotic use. This is converse to some other reported figures. In Canada, an increase in incidence from 2.5 cases/1000 admissions to 4.6 cases/1000 admissions occurred from 2002 to 2007 [7]. Thalidomide In Spain, where ribotype 027 is not prevalent, the prevalence rates have increased from 0.39 to 1.22 cases/1000 hospitalized patients from 1999 to 2007 [8]. The incidence of 1.27 CDI cases/1000 OBD in the whole of Scotland from October 2006 to September 2007 for those aged 65?years and over [4] was lower than the 1.99 CDI cases/1000 OBD, for the same period and cohort of patients, in the present study. This may be a result of our study representing potential CDI in a concentrated urban population. There was a 54% increase in the number of samples analysed by the laboratory from 2003 to 2006. Although the number decreased from 2006 to 2007, there was a 37% increase from 2003 to 2007. This will have impacted upon staff as well as upon an appropriate analysis of samples, timely data reporting, storage of samples and further testing of repeat samples from previously positive patients. This increase will also have had implications for ward-based staff with regard to rapid and appropriate patient isolation, cleaning procedures and continued patient management. One-third of samples were from those aged 60?years and under, and this population also accounted PCI-32765 solubility dmso for approximately one-fifth of the total positives (Table?2). This was similar to results from the recent 2009 European Study (M. Bauer, unpublished data) where 37% of samples were submitted from those aged 65?years or under. In the Netherlands in 2005, 42% of samples PARP inhibitor drugs were submitted from this age group [9]. In the present study, CDI toxin positivity was identified in all age groups, including that aged 0�C20?years, and the potential CDI incidence in those aged 21�C40 and 41�C60?years was not largely dissimilar from that in those aged over 60?years. It should be noted that the potential false positive rates will be higher among the younger age groups because the potential prevalence in these age groups (aged 60?years and under) is