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, Novato, CA). Flash electroretinograms (ERGs) with overnight MAPK dark adaptation were recorded 7 days before treatment and 7 days after treatment. The rats were anesthetized with an i.p. injection of 10% chloral hydrate, and their pupils were dilated with 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride eye drops. The body temperature was maintained with a heating pad setting to 37��C during the procedure. ERGs were recorded with a corneal gold wire electrode, a reference electrode at the head, and a ground electrode in the tail. All procedures were performed in dim red light, and the rats were kept warm during and after the procedure. The responses to a light flash (3.0 candela��seconds/m2) from a photic stimulator were amplified, and the preamplifier bandwidth was set at 0.2 to 300 Hz. The amplitude of the a-wave was measured from baseline to the maximum a-wave trough, and the amplitude of the b-wave was measured from the maximum a-wave trough to the maximum b-wave peak.31, 32?and?33 Data are expressed as mean �� SD. Assuming that the data meet normal distribution and that variances are equal, the one-way analysis of variance, followed by validation using Student-Newman-Keuls tests, was used to analyze the statistical differences in retinal thickness, ERG data, and cell number among groups. The analysis was selleck chemicals llc performed by computer software (SPSS 17.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). For all comparisons, P disorders of the outer retinal layer are observed in the model of RD at 7 days after RD.23?and?25 There were no significant histopathological changes in the inner retina at 7 days after RD, but evident changes were detected in the outer neural retina. Both inner and outer segments of photoreceptor cells were disordered and shortened. Both pretreatment and post-treatment of necrostatin-1 led to significant preservation in histoarchitecture of the outer retina, compared with vehicle-treated controls or inactive necrostatin-1�Ctreated animals (Figure 1, A and B). The ratio selleck screening library of ONL thickness was reduced after RD (0.68 �� 0.04) but was thicker in the necrostatin-1 pretreatment groups (0.87 �� 0.06) (n = 6 per group, P
