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Sixteen mice that had not undergone treadmill training were divided into two groups of eight: saline and raclopride. Each mouse injected with saline or raclopride was acclimated to a whole-body single-chamber plethysmograph for ?30 min before exposure to gases. Gases were infused through a Plexiglass chamber placed on the plesythmograph chamber (PLY3211; Buxco Electronics). After exposure to 100% O2 for >5 min, the gas was carefully switched to 5% CO2 in O2, and then to 7 and 9% CO2 in O2 at 5 min intervals. Respiratory patterns during gas exposures were analysed for the mean value during 1 min at the steady state. Arterial blood gases were measured during resting conditions in saline-treated (n= 4) and raclopride-treated mice (n= 6). To sample blood, an arterial catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery and ligated with a surgical thread under general anaesthesia (pentobarbital sodium, 25 diglyceride mg kg?1, I-BET-762 datasheet i.p.) as described previously (Ishiguro et al. 2006). After surgery, each mouse was placed in a plastic chamber (90 mm �� 120 mm �� 50 mm), in which it was allowed to recover from anaesthesia for ��4 h. Initially, a mouse in the plastic chamber had its arterial blood collected. This was immediately analysed for pH, arterial CO2 partial pressure () and arterial O2 partial pressure () with a blood gas analyser (OPTI CCA; AVL Scientific, Roswell, GA, USA). After 30 min, the mouse was intraperitoneally administered saline or raclopride (2 mg (kg BW)?1). After 20 min, the second collection was undertaken for the analyses of blood gases in the saline- or raclopride-treated mouse. Data are means �� SD. Data of respiration and pulmonary gas exchange in the resting state were averaged during a stable period 10 min before the start of treadmill movement, and analysed by Student's unpaired t test IOX1 between treatments with saline and raclopride (Table 1). Data for blood gases were analysed by Student's unpaired t test (Table 2). Data for parameters of respiration and pulmonary gas exchange during treadmill running were analysed by two-way ANOVA. They were tested for effects of time (within-group factor used as a repeated measurement) and treatment (between-group factor) and for their interactions (Figs 2 and 4). Increases in fR and were analysed between saline and raclopride groups by Student's unpaired t test (Fig. 3). The relationship between and was examined by a regression analysis in each mouse group (Fig. 5). To compare the group effects of saline and raclopride, an ANCOVA was undertaken, with as a covariate. For these analyses, we used a commercially available software package (SPSS Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). A value of P