The Unknown Historical Past Over Y-27632 You Have To Look At Or Be Left Out
For example, the first question can be seen to map onto psychosocially oriented work that includes the early psychoanalytic perspective of chronic alcohol use as a defensive symptom and the later tension-reduction theories that evolved from this view. The second question can be seen to map onto the clinically oriented work that includes early observations of the find more variety of mental and behavioral disturbances occurring in many chronic alcohol users (broadly referred to as alcoholic psychosis in the early literature) and the later taxonomic, epidemiologic, longitudinal, and family studies designed to systematically account for these associations. For convenience, the review labels these two general approaches to comorbidity research as psychosocial and biomedical, respectively. bepotastine Although these two streams of comorbidity research have run continuously since the journal��s inception in 1940, each was affected significantly by paradigm-shifting scientific revolutions that occurred over the decade of the 1970s. First, clinical psychology moved away from an operant behaviorism that discounted the scientific value of subjective mental experiences and toward a cognitive�Cbehaviorism that placed such phenomena at the very center of its scientific models (the ��cognitive revolution��). Second, psychiatry moved away from the arcane ��mentalism�� of psychoanalysis and toward a biomedical epistemology emphasizing the differentiation of specific clinical syndromes based on descriptive characteristics presumed to Y 27632 mark distinct biological etiologies (the ��neo-Kraepelinian revolution��; so named because of the influence of the German psychiatrist, Emil Kraepelin, in formulating an early disease-model of psychiatry in the late 1800s). For convenience, the review labels research affected by these scientific revolutions as modern and the earlier work as pre-modern. Method The term comorbidity, adapted from Feinstein (1970), is used here to broadly refer to the interaction of any abnormal psychological process or psychiatric disorder with the development, maintenance, or relapse of problematic alcohol or other drug use. The author and two assistants examined the title and abstract of articles published in the journal to identify those pertaining to comorbidity. Those articles identified as relevant��approximately 8% of all articles reviewed��were next sorted by methodology (e.g., family history, laboratory-human, treatment, prospective) and further subdivided as pre-modern or modern (see above). Finally, the author selected articles from each category for inclusion in the review deemed to be either (a) seminal (i.e., both original and having the potential to affect the field significantly), (b) a high-quality representation of a number of similar contributions, or (c) especially pertinent to a particular point being made in the review.
