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This observational study was executed between 2011 and 2013. Participants (>18 years, ��65 years) with or without nocturia (controls) were included and completed a 72?hr FVC; osmolality and sodium excretion were analyzed on daytime and nighttime urine. (1) Nocturia severity: Compared to controls (N?=?38), those with ��2 nocturia episodes (N?=?29) have higher nocturnal voided volume (NVV) (P?Ribociclib present with lower bladder capacity (P?=?0.005). (2) Gender: women with 1 and ��2 episodes have lower bladder capacity than controls (P?=?0.047 and P?gamma aminobutyric acid function demands a comprehensive diagnostic approach to subtype the patient, which involves anamnesis, FVC, and analysis of daytime and nighttime urine. Neurourol. Urodynam. ? 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""The purpose of the present study was to determine the contribution of the external urethral sphincter (EUS), the ischiocavernous (IC), or the bulbospongiosus (BS) on the control of micturition, copulatory behavior and semen expulsion Thalidomide in male rats. We hypothesized that the EUS contributes to maintain urinary continence, while all three muscles participate in expulsive urethral functions. In Experiment 1, it was analyzed the effects of bilateral denervation of IC, BS or EUS, or sham surgery, on voiding behavior and urinary parameters measured before surgery and 2 and 10 days post-surgery. In Experiment 2, copulatory behavior and the weight of the seminal plug expelled during ejaculation were recorded before and after sham surgery or bilateral denervation of the aforementioned muscles. Immediately after ejaculation, the animals were anesthetized to confirm the denervation and determine whether seminal material had accumulated in the lower urinary tract. In IC-denervated animals, voiding duration and the number of mounts was increased, and intromission or ejaculation patterns were absent. Denervation of BS induced signs of post-micturition dribble, decreased voiding frequency, increased urine volume and reduced the amount of semen ejaculated.