The Story Around The Sulfatase Accomplishments
After overnight incubation at 37��C, an increase in the edge of an antimicrobial inhibition zone towards the disk containing clavulanate was considered to indicate synergy and hence the production of an ESBL. ��-Lactamases were further investigated by isoelectric focusing as previously described [12] and finally identified by specific PCR and sequencing experiments using specific primers as previously described [13]. Patient data, clinical departments, ESBL-producing bacterial species and their content in ��-lactamase were extracted from the software of the microbiological laboratory (Inlog, Braintree, United Kingdom). Duplicates corresponding to the same strain found in the same patient were deleted. The teaching hospital's clinical departments comprise the intensive care, emergency, after care, haematology, maternity, Sulfatase medicine, pediatric, psychiatry and surgery units. There also exists a cancer unit with outpatients. Only intensive care, haematology, surgery and cancer units collected screening samples for the detection of colonization of ESBL producers. Finally, to establish the incidence of ESBL-producing strains (number of new ESBL-producing strains in relation to 1000 hospitalization days (HD)), the number of hospitalization days for the Doxorubicin 4-year period was provided by the administrative staff of the hospital. Relative risks were calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Susceptibility testing results were extracted from the software management of the laboratory and then analysed for the 4?years of the study. All the antibiotic susceptibilities were interpreted following the 2009 French recommendations [11]. The ��multidrug resistance�� character of the ESBL-producing strains was defined on the basis of resistance to three antibiotic families [14, 15]. Various antibiotic susceptibility percentages were analysed for each year with the chi-square test to detect significant differences in the susceptibility of ESBL-producing strains. Six hundred and ninety-nine new ESBL-producing strains were detected, with an increase from 1.04% of Enterobacteriaceae (n?=?7183) in 2006 to 8.45% (n?=?8282) in 2009. ESBLs have mainly been found in E.?coli DAPT and Klebsiella sp., which respectively represented 79.2% and 11.2% of ESBL-producing isolates over the 4-year study period. The ESBL percentage of E.?coli increased significantly, from 1.25% in 2006 to 9.35% in 2009 (p?
