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003). Serum magnesium levels were higher in patients receiving magnesium carbonate than in the calcium acetate group (P GSK3 inhibitor carbonate) than in those taking calcium acetate Quisinostat mw alone (P = 0.003) Reprinted from Spiegel et al. [15], Copyright 2007, with permission ... Combination therapy with magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate offered control of serum phosphate that was at least as good as that with calcium acetate alone, but with significantly decreased elemental calcium consumption. A 6-month, randomized open-label study involving 46 haemodialysis patients investigated whether magnesium carbonate was as effective as calcium carbonate (both agents were the sole phosphate binder used in each group) [16]. This study used lower magnesium concentrations (0.3 mmol/L) in the dialysate for the magnesium group compared with 0.48 mmol/L in the calcium group to reduce the risk of hypermagnesaemia, whereas dialysate calcium was 1.50 mmol/L for both groups. There were no significant differences in mean values for Months 1�C6 between the magnesium and calcium groups for the control of serum phosphate [1.77 mmol/L (5.47 mg/dL) versus 1.71 mmol/L (5.29 mg/dL), respectively; P = NS] or magnesium [1.06 mmol/L (2.57 mg/dL) versus 0.99 mmol/L (2.41 mg/dL), respectively; P > 0.05], but serum calcium concentration ankyrin was lower in the magnesium than in the calcium group [2.28 mmol/L (9.13 mg/dL) versus 2.4 mmol/L (9.60 mg/dL), respectively; P 0.05). At Month 6, the percentages of patients with serum levels of phosphate, Ca �� P product and iPTH that fell within the K/DOQI guidelines were similar in both groups, whereas more patients in the magnesium group (17/23; 73.91%) than in the calcium group (5/20, 25%) had serum calcium levels that fell within these guidelines (P