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?Fig.2A,D;2A,D; see Materials and Methods). Flies exhibit robust leg movements in our preparation Azastene (15/17 flies exhibited either spontaneous or stimulus-evoked leg movements). We first assessed the relationship between DA-DN activity and leg movements in spontaneous trials (no sensory stimuli presented). In these initial comparisons, total leg speed was calculated by adding together the total change in position for each of the six legs across consecutive video frames (i.e., total leg speed is total leg movement over a fixed time interval; position information and leg identity were discarded for the time being). During time periods without leg movements, DA-DNs exhibited regular tonic firing (Fig.?(Fig.2B;2B; mean spontaneous spike rate was 3.1?��?1.9?Hz, N?=?10 neurons). This pattern of activity changed dramatically during periods of leg movements. We observed that DA-DNs frequently switched from tonic to burst firing around the time that leg movements began and returned to tonic firing when movements ended (changes from tonic to burst firing observed in 36/65 trials with leg movements, data from N?=?8 flies/DA-DNs; Fig.?Fig.2B;2B; total leg speed plotted in Selleck Pictilisib red; DA-DN voltage and instantaneous firing rate (IFR) plotted in black, see Materials and Methods for categorization of tonic and burst spikes). Although DA-DNs did not exhibit burst firing in all trials with leg movements, when burst spikes did occur, they were very reliably associated with leg movements (37 trials with DA-DN bursts, 36/37 had leg movements). Figure 2 Spike rates in DA-DNs increase during leg movements. (A1�CA2) Plots of leg positions of two flies during single trials with spontaneous leg movements (left foreleg, orange; right foreleg, magenta; left midleg, blue; right midleg, cyan; left hindleg, ... To quantify the relationship between spike rate and leg movements, we calculated the mean cross-covariance between spike rate (i.e., IFR) and total leg speed during spontaneous selleck compound trials for individual left and right DA-DNs (Fig.?(Fig.2C).2C). Most DA-DNs had spike rates that were positively and significantly correlated with total leg speed (P?
