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Design? Interrupted time�Cseries analyses of 11 cross-sectional nationally representative surveys. Setting? Italy, 1999�C2010. Participants? Adults aged 20�C64 years. Measurements? For each year we computed the prevalence of current smoking, the quit ratio and the mean number of cigarettes smoked per GSK2118436 in vitro day. All measures were standardized by age. Segmented linear regression analyses were performed for each smoking variable separately by sex. Findings? Among males, smoking prevalence decreased by 2.6% (P?=?0.002) and smoking cessation increased by 3.3% (P?=?0.006) shortly after the ban, but both measures tended to return to pre-ban values in the following years. This occurred among both highly and low-educated males. Among low-educated females, the ban was followed by a 1.6% decrease (P?=?0.120) in smoking prevalence and a 4.5% increase in quit ratios (P?PD-0332991 mw and inequalities in smoking was short-term. Smoke-free policies may not achieve the secondary effect of reducing smoking prevalence in the long term, and they may have limited effects on inequalities in smoking. ""There is a need for more evidence on the ��real-world�� effectiveness of commonly used aids to smoking cessation from population-level studies. This study assessed the association between abstinence and use of different smoking cessation treatments after adjusting for key potential confounding factors. Cross-sectional data from aggregated monthly waves of a household survey: the Smoking Toolkit Study. England. A total of 10?335 adults who smoked within the previous 12 months and had made at least one quit attempt during that time. Participants were classified according to their use of cessation aids in their most recent quit attempt: (i) medication (nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or varenicline) in combination with specialist behavioural Megestrol Acetate support delivered by a National Health Service Stop Smoking Service; (ii) medication provided by the prescribing health-care professional without specialist behavioural support; (iii) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) bought over the counter; and (iv) none of these. The main outcome measure was self-reported abstinence up to the time of the survey, adjusted for key potential confounders including tobacco dependence. Compared with smokers using none of the cessation aids, the adjusted odds of remaining abstinent up to the time of the survey were 3.25 [95% confidence interval (CI)?=?2.05�C5.