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Indeed XRD results confirmed that CGS growth on CIS produces no signal of CIS but only mixed CIGS phase. Although intermixing of CGS on CIS occurred to some extent at 500?��C, the effect is not so serious and double heterojunction of CGS/CIGS/CGS can be grown. When the growth temperature is reduced to 400?��C, flat and abrupt interfaces are obtained Y-27632 supplier as confirmed by XRD and TEM image observation. Hence, the essential growth temperature for CGS/CIS heterostructures should be below 400?��C. This low temperature growth condition has been proved beneficial also by PL characteristics. The CGS/CIS double heterostructure grown at 400?��C showed an efficient PL emission with sharp spectrum. The PL emission can be attributed to transition between bands or band to impurity levels. Even though n-type CGS/CIS was not achieved through modulation doping with Ge as a dopant, high sheet resistivity and low hole concentration of the samples motivates this research. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is partly supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research B (23360163) and Young Scientists B (20760203 and 22760233) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and by the Global COE Program ��Practical Chemical Wisdom�� from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, check details Science and Technology (MEXT). The authors are most grateful to Tomotaka Satou, Kouki Toyoda and Ryuki Taniguchi of Waseda University. Authors also thank Shunsuke Ohki, Tomoki Ishikawa and Sho Sanu, students of Applied Physics department of Waseda University for their excellent support in PL measurements and Takahiro Gotou of Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, for his guidance and assistance in XRD and TEM measurements.""The use of a high NA, large FOV objective allows excitation to be spaced far apart in the specimen plane minimizing crosstalk between the emission signals from neighboring foci. Unfortunately, the aberrations from the intermediate optics prohibit fully utilizing the FOV of the objective lens in the descanned configuration. bepotastine In Fig.?1, after the DOE, the size of the multiple excitation beamlets must be decreased with lens L1 (f 300 mm, singlet, KPX232AR.16, Newport, Irvine, CA) and lens L2 (f 75 mm, doublet, AC508-075-B-ML, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ) in a 4-f geometry to fit onto small, 5 mm size scanning mirrors (6215H, Cambridge Technology, Lexington, MA) to allow fast mechanical scanning. The L3 (f 35 mm, doublet, AC254-035-B-ML, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ) and L4 (f 175 mm, singlet, KPX196AR.16, Newport, Irvine, CA) lenses in another 4-f configuration then expand the beamlets to slightly overfill the 2 cm diameter back aperture of the objective lens ensuring diffraction limited focusing. Given the finite physical size of the scanning mirror assembly, lenses L2 and L3 must have sufficiently long focal lengths and relative poor (low) f-numbers, thus generating large aberrations especially for edge and corner foci.