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The absence of cutaneous vasoconstriction with this level of heating is probably a factor underlying the reduction in tolerance to a hypotensive challenge in heat-stressed individuals. These results have important implications for the control of arterial blood pressure in individuals who are often heat stressed and have a higher risk for experiencing a haemorrhagic challenge, such as soldiers, firefighters and construction workers. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers RO1 HL61388 and HL84072. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. ""Body size has a pervasive effect on animal GPX4 functioning and life history with size dependent changes in performance and physiology throughout ontogeny being common in many ectothermic vertebrates. However, as selection on juvenile life history stages is strong, juveniles often offset the disadvantages of small body size by disproportionate levels of performance. Here, we investigate size-related changes in defensive strike performance in an arboreal pit viper, Trimerusurus (Cryptelytrops) selleck kinase inhibitor albolabris. Our data show a significant negative allometry in the scaling of head dimensions and head mass to body mass. However, strike velocity and strike distance are independent of body mass, with juveniles in our sample striking as fast and as far as adults. In contrast to model predictions suggesting that acceleration capacity should decrease with increasing body mass, acceleration capacity increases with snake body mass. Our results suggest that this is the result of a negative allometric scaling of head mass combined with an isometric scaling of the dorsal epaxial musculature. Finally, our data show a significant sexual dimorphism in body size and strike velocity with females being heavier and striking faster independent of the dimorphism in body size. J. Exp. Zool. 315:22�C29, 2011. ? 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""Endogenous levels of sulfide in the brain have been measured in rats, humans and bovines in 1989 and 1990, suggesting that H2S may have a physiological function. Osimertinib supplier We demonstrated in 1996 that cystathionine ��-synthase can produce H2S in the brain and that H2S facilitates the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation by enhancing the activity of NMDA receptors. The following year, we showed that another H2S-producing enzyme, cystathionine ��-lyase, is expressed in the thoracic aorta, portal vein and ileum and that H2S relaxes these tissues. We proposed that H2S may be a neuromodulator as well as a smooth muscle relaxant. In addition to a function as a signalling molecule, we demonstrated another function as a cytoprotectant in 2004. Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress by reinstating the reduced glutathione levels.