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Macaques performed at ceiling in both directions. These findings point to distinct vowel discrimination patterns in human infants and non-human animals. Surprisingly, KEtC dismiss these findings and question whether the /��-?/ asymmetry in infants is interpretable. They further suggest that we have not claimed that infant perception of /��-?/ supports the NRV framework; this is an incorrect representation of our work. In Polka and Bohn (1996), which subsequently led to the formulation of the NRV framework, we report and discuss the /��-?/ asymmetry and propose an account based on the location of these vowels PD 332991 in the vowel space (/?/ is more extreme than /��/). We further propose how this peripherality effect is acoustically grounded in Polka and Bohn (2011, p. 474, paragraphs 6, 7): ��The salience and stability of natural referent vowels is due to formant frequency convergence or focalization. ��Focalization is graded and gives rise to salience differentials across the vowel space.�� To clarify, in all of the infant and animal experiments on the /��-?/ contrast to date, focalization differences are clearly observed; i.e., F1 and F2 are spectrally closer in the more peripheral vowel /?/ compared to the less peripheral /��/. Accordingly, there is no basis Selleck GSK2118436 for viewing research on /��-ae/ as irrelevant to a discussion of comparative differences in vowel perception asymmetries. This issue aside, we concur with KEtC that the current literature is sparse and inadequate for drawing firm conclusions regarding species-specificity with respect to vowel perception asymmetries. Vowel perception asymmetries��task demands In the current literature the tasks used to assess vowel discrimination asymmetries in infants and in other species are not comparable. These task discrepancies are not discussed by KEtC, Megestrol Acetate yet they also severely limit the inferences that can be made. The animal studies cited by KEtC were conducted using psychophysical techniques designed to minimize cognitive resources making them ideal for comparing the peripheral sensory capacities of humans and non-human animals. In this work, a few subjects are extensively trained (with reinforcement) over many test sessions to discriminate a very small set of stimuli (one token per vowel), and memory demands are minimized by presenting the vowel stimuli with short inter-stimulus intervals (250�C700 ms). This close temporal proximity allows the listener to access and compare acoustic details of the stimuli without encoding and retrieving information in a more enduring memory store. In contrast, the infant studies were conducted to understand how meaningful phonetic units are processed in more cognitively demanding tasks.