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In 33 of the 53 patients with probable IPA, the serum galactomannan level was determined; in 14 (42.4%) of these, the result was positive. We observed false-positive galactomannan results in two patients: one was receiving piperacillin�Ctazobactam (0.7?ng/mL) and the other was receiving ceftriaxone and parenteral nutrition (0.709?ng/mL) at the time of serum sampling. The overall mean number of positive samples with isolation of Aspergillus was 1.8 per patient. Overall, Aspergillus fumigatus was involved in 83% of cases of IPA. According to the GOLD criteria for severity of COPD, 32 of the 53 patients with IPA (60.3%) had Selleckchem Veliparib stage?III disease and 21 (39.7%) had stage?IV disease. The demographic and clinical data of patients with COPD with and without IPA are shown in Table?1. Of the 239 patients evaluated, 176 (73.6%) were admitted because of exacerbation of COPD; 45 (84.9% of the patients with IPA) were classified as probably having IPA. Patients with IPA had worse clinical conditions than those without IPA. However, patients with IPA presented non-specific clinical Temozolomide signs that are common in exacerbation episodes: COPD-like dyspnoea (50; 94.3%), fever >38��C (18; 33.9%), haemoptysis (five; 9.4%), and chest pain (nine; 16.9%). In 107 of the 239 patients (44.7%), residual lung lesions were present: 26 (24.2%) had IPA, one had (1%) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and six (5.6%) had aspergilloma, which progressed to IPA in three cases. At the DDR1 time of the isolation of Aspergillus, the infection-specific chest radiography findings were as follows: 107 (44.7%) infiltrates, 31 (12.9%) consolidations, 24 (10.4%) nodules, and 11 (4.6%) cavitations; in the remaining patients, non-specific findings were observed (Table?1). The most frequent radiography findings in patients with COPD and IPA were bilateral infiltrates (29 patients; 54.7%). Worsening radiological findings during admission were observed in 66% of the 53 patients with IPA, as compared with 6.4% of the patients without IPA (p?12?000?cells/mL) in 31 of 53 patients with IPA. Other parameters, such as lactate dehydrogenase level, also increased in 12 patients with IPA. Anaemia (haemoglobin