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After the initial visit, patients were followed-up once or three times a month. Imaging studies (ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) were conducted once or more ATP7A per year. Non-parametric tests (Mann�CWhitney U-test, chi-squared test and Fisher's exact probability test) were used to compare differences between two groups. Correlation analysis was evaluated by the Spearman rank correlation test. The cumulative rate of hepatocarcinogenesis was calculated using the Kaplan�CMeier technique; differences between cumulative carcinogenesis curves between groups were tested using the log-rank test. Statistical analyses of the rate of hepatocarcinogenesis according to groups were calculated using the period from the initial visit. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the independent surrogate markers of elevated AFP at the initial visit. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were also calculated. A two-tailed P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Variables that achieved statistical significance (P? Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput pretreatment variables: age, sex, family history of liver disease, lifetime cumulative alcohol intake, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), hemoglobin, platelet count, HBV genotype, HBeAg, HBsAg levels, HBcrAg levels, and HBV DNA levels. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). A total of 1,061 patients na?ve to antiviral therapy from the initial visit until the last visit were evaluated for the rate of development of HCC based on the AFP levels at the initial visit. During NU7441 the follow-up period, HCC was diagnosed in 31 of 905 patients (3.4%) with a low AFP level (��10??g/L; below the upper limit of normal) and 37 of 156 patients (23.7%) with a high AFP level (��11??g/L) at the initial visit. The cumulative hepatocarcinogenesis rates for patients with low and high AFP levels at the initial visit were 4.7% and 30.2% at the end of 10-year follow-up; 9.1% and 36.5% at the end of 20-year follow-up; and 13.2% and 42.9% at the end of 30-year follow-up, respectively. These results indicate that the rate of hepatocarcinogenesis is significantly higher in patients with HBV infection and high AFP levels than their counterparts with low AFP levels (P?