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Detection error was therefore subjected to a Kruskal-Wallis test with three levels of method (SET/Starburst/Gaze-Tracker), split over image collection (Natural/CASIA-Iris). The dependent variable was the detection error (��e��) as calculated in Equation (3). Subsequently post-hoc two-independent-samples Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare accuracy between different methods. Bonferroni-adjusted alpha level of 0.016 (0.05/3) was used as the significance threshold. Furthermore, absolute value of Cliff's Delta effect size measure (��) was reported (Cliff, 1993; Hess and Kromrey, 2004; Macbeth et al., 2011). This measure relies on the dominance concept rather than the LY294002 chemical structure mean as in conventional effect size measures such as Cohen's d and is more robust under skewed distributed data. Interpretation of its values are similar to Cohen's d with conventional effect sizes of small, medium or large. Test of normality for processing times showed that they are distributed normally. A Two-Way ANOVA with method (SET/Starburst/Gaze-Tracker) and image collection (Natural/CASIA-Iris) as independent factors was conducted on processing time. Partial eta square (��p2) was reported as a measure of effect size. Subsequently, two-independent samples t-tests were used to compare Selleckchem Lapatinib the methods. Similar alpha level of Bonferroni correction 0.016 (0.05/3) was used as significance threshold. Results 9 (1.80%) and 72 (14.80%) out of 500 frames were discarded from CASIA-Iris (mainly due to glasses) and Natural image collections, respectively. For samples of excluded frames refer to Appendix 4 in the Supplementary Material. Manual detection of the PCPs was quite consistent between the two experiments [mean distance (SD) = 1.76 (0.12) pixels]. Detection rate Detected PCPs (using the three methods) were classified as hits and misses using exponential decay criterion. Table ?Table11 shows detection rate for each method and image collection. Based on this table, Gaze-Tracker had the lowest detection rate and SET and Starburst had comparable detection rates. More importantly, it shows that our method performed fairly consistently between Natural and CASIA-Iris image collections as opposed to Starburst which performed better in the CASIA-Iris image collection. Table 1 Threshold (pixels) used for classification of frames into S6 Kinase hit and miss using exponential decay criterion and detection rate (%) for different methods and image collections. Detection error Images marked as miss were excluded from the rest of the analysis. Detection Errors were calculated using Equation (3). Detection errors for the remaining images were subjected to a Kruskal-Wallis test. This test showed a highly significant main effect of method for both image collections (p
