Leading 3 Scary CGK 733 Information
0) (84 : 2 : 14); solvent B, methanol : ethyl acetate (68 : 32). Pigments were eluted using a lineal gradient of 100 % A to 100 % B within the first 12 min, followed by isocratic elution with 100 % B during the next 6 min. Absorbance was monitored at 445 nm. Retention times and response factors of Chl a, Chl b, neoxanthin (Neo), lutein (Lut), ��-carotene, violaxanthin (V), anteraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z) were determined by injecting pure standards (DHI, Hoershholm, Denmark). The epoxidation state was determined as (V + A)/(V + A + Z). Statistical analysis A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine Linsitinib significant differences in environmental data and descriptive foliar traits (LMA, Fv/Fm, absorptance, reflectance and leaf nitrogen content) for P. tarapacana along their elevation gradient. Gas exchange and a daily course of environmental data at a mid-elevation (4624 m a.s.l.) in the P. tarapacana site were compared between the morning and the afternoon (10�C13 vs. 14�C17 h periods). A two-way multivariate analysis of variance on all xanthophylls and carotenes was used to evaluate differences between elevation and daily changes in pigment composition (predawn/noon). Next, we used a univariate ANOVA (following the same pattern as previously described, two-way with elevation and daily changes as fixed effects). A least-square difference (LSD) test (PCGK 733 Selleck MLN0128 Shapiro�CWilk (P climate, characterized by small thermal seasonality; precipitation concentrated in the summer months and night frosts occurring year-round (Fig.?1). When comparing both stations, higher elevation in this particular tropical climate corresponds with higher precipitation, along with much lower mean temperatures. At higher elevations, thermal amplitude also increases, reaching more than 30 ��C in the winter at the upper station. Meteorological data collected during the gas-exchange measurement period along the elevation gradient (Fig.?2) were consistent with these long-term measurements. Thus, the mean air temperature was 14 % lower at the higher elevation than the average of the lower elevations (P = 0.067). In contrast with temperature, the mean VPD decreased by 19 % at the higher elevation (P
