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Using a group-wise dimensional approach, a Spearman rho correlation was conducted for each group to identify significant correlations between the depletion magnitude and median reaction times (RTmdn) of the phasic alertness task. In addition to the RTmdn, the alertness reaction, which indicates Pifithrin-�� research buy increasing levels of attention, was assessed using t-values for PA that were assessed within the previously described testing battery; it was defined as the subject's ability to shorten their own reaction times in trials in which the relevant stimulus was preceded by a signal tone (runs two and three). The level of statistical significance was set at pTemsirolimus (CCI-779, NSC 683864) overlook significant relationships, this study did not incorporate alpha-adjustment. As an estimate of the relevant effect sizes, Cohen's d values were calculated. This study was conducted as a pilot in order to generate first data that allows for the calculation of sample sizes for future large-scale research. As for pilot studies power calculations are not an essential criterion, a post-hoc power analysis was conducted using StatMate (GraphPad, La Jolla, USA) for the calculation of sample sizes of such future studies. Results Neurochemical effects of the challenge administration In the assessment of the TRP-, PHE-, and TYR-ratios at T2, a Kruskal�CWallis test identified a significant effect for the factor challenge administration (TRP ratio: p=0.000, �� 2=36.14, df=2, 47; PHE ratio: p=0.000, �� 2=33.13, df=2, 47; and TYR ratio: p=0.000, �� 2= 34.26, df=2, 47). In particular, for T2 after ATD administration, a Wilcoxon�CMann�CWhitney test demonstrated that the TRP ratio (p=0.000, Selleckchem Pfizer Licensed Compound Library U=0, T=136), PHE ratio (p=0.589, U=121, T=274), and TYR ratio (p=0.031, U=76, T=229) were significantly different than for BAL administration. With regard to the PTD challenge, similar results were identified with respect to the TRP ratio (p=0.000, U=58, T=211), PHE ratio (p=0.000, U=0, T=153), and TYR ratio (p=0.000, U=4, T=157) compared with BAL administration. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the depletion strategies used with regard to 5-HT (ATD) and DA (PTD) worked as intended. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the ATD, PTD, and BAL groups at baseline regarding the TRP ratio (p=0.29, �� 2=2.46, df=2, 47), PHE ratio (p=0.59, �� 2=1.07, df=2, 47), or TYR ratio (p=0.79, �� 2=0.47, df=2, 47).An overview of these findings is provided in Fig. 1a and b. Fig. 1 (a) The respective AA ratios prior to challenge administration. (b) The respective AA ratios after challenge administration. Effects of the challenge administration on phasic alertness The median of the reaction time (RTmdn) is a measure of general slowdown, whereas the standard deviation of the reaction time is indicative of fluctuations in attentional performance.