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While some of the technological evolutions mentioned in this review have the potential to contribute significantly to this, the willingness to consider new types of probiotics, such as F. prausnitzii or A. muciniphila, currently not yet available on the market, will be crucial. Not treated in this review is the importance of the production process. With these new, highly anaerobic organisms such as F. prausnitzii or A. muciniphila in mind, it will be important for probiotic producers to come up Hamycin with new production processes and modified preservation and administration strategies to guarantee the delivery of active strains to the consumer or patient. As several papers have shown (van Baarlen et al., 2009; Lebeer et al., 2011, 2012; Bron et al., 2012; van Bokhorst-van de Veen et al., 2012) the (industrial) processing of a probiotic preparation has a fundamental impact on the functionality in the host. Viability, the presence or absence of pili, the cell wall condition, the matrix or the growth stage of the probiotic, they all seem to have an important influence on its performance and its interaction with the host. Defining the mechanism of action of a probiotic might therefore also include some critical parameters of the production process. Without any doubt, the continued development of omics technologies will assist in alleviating the shortages currently faced with the traditional in vitro and in vivo models. Although selleckchem it may take a while before we can predict probiotic functionality directly from genomic and metagenomic information, PF299 research buy the use of omics approaches to follow up on interesting in vitro or in vivo observations is very likely going to speed up research progress in the field of probiotics in the near future. Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The present work was cofinanced by the European Social Fund and the National resources EPEAEK and YPEPTH through the Thales project. In addition, this work was cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the EU and by the Greek National Resources under the Operational Program Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (OPCE II), Action ��COOPERATION 2011��, Project ��ProbioDairyMeat��. BP is indebted to the ��Fondation pour la Recherche M��dicale�� (FRM), the ��Institut Pasteur de Lille�� (IPL), and the ��Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique�� (CNRS) for research funding. Footnotes 1http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/pdf/summary-report-25082010_en.pdf 2http://www.wageningenur.nl/en/project/Models-of-dietary-effects-on-immune-responses-in-pigs-6.