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Although a few studies are available in literature, the connection between pollution and the allergenic potential of pollen has yet to be clearly defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of traffic-related pollution on the allergenicity of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) pollen through a field-based experiment. Mature pollen grains were collected from ragweed plants grown along main roadsides and in vegetated areas of Po river plain. The percentage of sub-pollen particle-releasing grains (SPPGs) was evaluated immediately after sampling by microscope and image analysis. Immunochemistry and LC-MS/MS were applied to Obeticholic Acid solubility dmso assess the whole allergenicity and the allergen pattern characterizing the different pollen samples. No statistical difference was detected in the percentage of SPPGs among pollen samples. Specifically, after hydration, the mean percentage was very low (click here and qualitative differences in allergen pattern. Our findings show that pollen collected at different sites contains different amount and number of allergens and suggest that traffic-related pollution enhances ragweed pollen allergenicity, which may contribute to the increasing prevalence FARP1 of ragweed allergy in Lombardy plain. Pollutants have been indicated as one of the contributing factors to the increased incidence of allergic diseases observed in recent years. Pollen is a very important source of allergens, and the prevalence of pollinosis, in particular, can be affected by the presence of environmental pollutants. Pollutants can exert their action at different levels: (i) directly upon the individual, by damaging the mucous membranes and thus facilitating the penetration of pollen allergens and their interaction with the cells of the immune system, or (ii) indirectly upon pollen and pollen allergens. Regarding the latter aspect, it has been demonstrated that air and soil contaminants can affect plant growth and reproduction. For instance, it has been observed, in both laboratory and field conditions, that the increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the accompanying increase in temperature have promoted allergenic plant productivity and then allergenic pollen production [1-3]. Pollutants were also demonstrated to interact directly with pollen grains, affecting cell wall structure and leading to increased release of allergens or sub-pollen particles containing allergens [4].