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The element was introduced relatively quickly, that is, in 1880, as a medicine in the treatment of syphilis and mycosis. It was also used in depilation. Nonetheless, as thallium is highly toxic, its use was stopped at the beginning of the 20th century. Additionally, it has been abolished in pesticides in many countries in recent years as it was considered too toxic [35]. As the thallium application in various types of metal alloys has been increasing since the beginning of the digital revolution, it seems that the element has been accumulating in various elements of the environment. It is also used as a catalyst, in laser devices and in the production of optical fibres and high refractive index glass. The element occurs in E-64 two oxidation states, that is, +1 and +3. The Tl(I) compounds are colourless, and Tl(OH) Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor is a strong and soluble base. The Tl(III) ions exist in the solution only when pH is close to 0. When it is higher, Tl(OH)3 precipitates [21]. The inorganic Tl(I) compounds are far more stable in a water solution with neutral pH than the Tl(III) compounds. On the other hand, the covalent organic thallium compounds are only stable for Tl (III). Each ionic form has different bioavailability and toxic properties. The Tl(III) cations are much more reactive and toxic than the Tl(I) ones. However, the number of Tl(III) cations is so low that Tl(I) is believed to be the most bioactive thallium form in the water environment, particularly for living organisms as it can replace the K+ ion. Thallium is highly toxic. Its average lethal dose for humans is 4�C60?mg/kg. The Tl(III) toxicity is difficult to define because it is easily reduced in the biological systems [36]. The recent research has shown that Tl(III) can be even 50,000 times more toxic than Tl(I). Therefore, it is more toxic than Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), or even Hg(II) [37, 38]. The Tl(I) salts are easily absorbed through skin and this is how they normally penetrate living organisms. Food is another source of thallium and its compounds. For this reason, food quality monitoring is very important at present. In clinical analyses, thallium JQ1 order is normally determined in urine, saliva, tissues, and blood. Balding preceded with the hair follicle darkening is a characteristic symptom of the thallium poisoning. Apart from these, digestion problems, psychological changes, and damage in the cardiovascular system occur. In the past, thallium salts were often used in rodenticides. Thallium is very common in the environment even though it usually occurs at very low concentration levels. The mean thallium concentration in the Earth crust is 0.3�C0.5?mg/kg. Its content in soils is 0.02�C2.8?mg/kg and depends on the geological bedrock composition and pollution. That is why the thallium contents vary in different countries (Austria, 0.076�C0.911?mg/kg; China, 0.292�C1.172?mg/kg; and Germany, in the vicinity of a lead and zinc mine, 8�C27.8?mg/kg) [39]. 4.