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8 per 1000 (confidence interval 0.61�C0.99).4 Prevalence increases Fludarabine with age, and for CRVO, this does not differ by gender or race/ethnicity. Branch RVO was found to be 5.6 times more common than CRVO. It was estimated using these prevalence rates and the 2008 world population that 2.5 million adults were affected by CRVO worldwide.4 CRVO is characterized by superficial and deep intraretinal haemorrhages in all four quadrants of the retina associated with variable degrees of retinal venous engorgement and tortuosity, optic disc swelling, cotton wool spots and cystoid macular oedema (CME; Fig.?1). Baseline VA reflects the severity of the venous occlusion and is influenced by the degree of macular intraretinal haemorrhage, CME and retinal ischaemia. In most reported studies, presenting VA is less than 6/12 and decreases to less than 6/60 for many with the ischaemic-type CRVO.5 Common ocular investigations for CRVO include fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). FA will show normal choroidal filling, but there is usually a variable delay in retinal vascular filling because of the obstruction to venous outflow in a vascular system that is normally a closed loop-type circulation. The later phases of the angiogram will show variable staining of the optic nerve head and retinal veins together with variable degrees of vascular leakage in the macular and capillary nonperfusion (CNP). OCT will often show cystic fluid-filled spaces in the macular with retinal thickening and occasionally submacular fluid. Variable terminology has been applied to CRVO. Liebreich in 1855 first described CRVO as retinal apoplexy.1 Hayreh used the terms venous stasis retinopathy for the milder degrees of CRVO and haemorrhagic retinopathy for the more severe forms.6 More recently, the central vein occlusion study (CVOS) divided CRVO into non-ischaemic and ischaemic forms based on the degree of CNP as defined by FA.7 CRVOs were considered ischaemic when there were more than 10 disc areas (DAs) of CNP seen on the FA. In the CVOS study at presentation, approximately 2/3 were classified as non-ischaemic, and 1/3 were classified as ischaemic.7 In about 7%, the perfusion status of the CRVO could not be determined because of the degree of intraretinal haemorrhage, and these were initially classified as indeterminate, although most were later reclassified to ischaemic.7 The differentiation into the two categories in the CVOS was based purely on FA results. Other investigators have found that functional testing is of significant value in making this distinction especially in the early phases when FA results can be difficult to interpret. VA?