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The Memory Total Score summates the subtests of Word List Recall, Word List Recognition (correct positives + correct negative recognitions) and Constructional Praxis Recall, and it has a maximum score of 41. The Memory Index is the mean percentage of Word List Delayed Recall Savings, Word List Recognition % (based on discriminability) and Constructional Praxis Savings [15]. The Finnish cutoff values are based on normative data and are intended to facilitate the screening of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in primary health care [7,16]. Other Cognitive Tests In addition to CERAD-NB, we collected the results of two widely used cognitive tests that evaluate executive functions [17]: TMT parts A Ulixertinib solubility dmso and B [18] and a short version of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test [19] using single-letter Phonemic Fluency. The result of the TMT is given as the time in seconds needed to complete the task. The maximum time for TMT part A is 150 s and for TMT part B 300 s. In the Phonemic Fluency test, patients are required to name as many words as possible beginning with a certain letter. In this study, letters P and S were GUCY1B3 used because words beginning with these letters are approximately equally common in the Finnish language. The score in this test is the number of words generated by the patient in 1 min for each letter at a time. The CERAD-NB profile was also analyzed in the group of patients with an MMSE score ��24 to evaluate the profile in a possibly mild stage of the disease and also in the subgroup of patients with the nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA phenotype. The analyses were not performed in patients with semantic variant PPA because of the small sample size (n = 5). Statistical Analysis Means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values of every CERAD-NB subtest were calculated both from the groups of FTLD and AD patients. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to evaluate the normal distribution of all CERAD-NB subtest scores. The independent-samples t test selleck inhibitor was used with normally distributed parameters, while the subtests of Verbal Fluency, Word List Learning and the compound scores of Total Recall, Total Score, Memory Total Score and Memory Index proved to be non-normally distributed, and, hence, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. The effect size estimator Cohen's d value was calculated for normally distributed parameters to describe the magnitude of the group's differences in subtests and compound scores. Values between 0.20 and 0.50 are considered to have only a small effect, values of 0.50-0.80 a medium effect and values >0.80 a large effect. The ��2 test was used to compare the number of scores below the Finnish cutoff values in the FTLD and AD groups. A p value