GRB10 Was A Tad Too Simple In The Past, These Days Its Impossible
The normalized axial and radial diffusivity maps were smoothed (Gaussian filter, full width at half-maximum = 10 mm). High-resolution T1-weighted images of a control subject were also normalized to MNI space and used as background images. The Predictive Analytic Software package (v 18.0; PASW, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical evaluation of the demographic and biophysical data. Numerical variables were assessed with an independent-samples t-test, and categorical values were evaluated with the ��2 test. We compared the normalized and smoothed axial and radial diffusivity maps between CCHS and control groups voxel by voxel using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with age and gender included as covariates (uncorrected P EPZ-6438 order previously (Kumar et al., 2008), and our focus here was to evaluate the rostral brain. Statistical parametric maps, indicating significant differences in axial and radial diffusivity between groups, were created for sites showing increased radial diffusivity only, increased axial diffusivity only, and both increased axial and radial diffusivity. These different statistical parametric maps were overlaid onto background images for structural identification. No significant differences in age (CCHS vs. controls 18.5 �� 4.9 vs. 17.7 �� 4.6 years; P = 0.64) or body mass index (23.1 �� 6.3 vs. 21.5 �� 4.5 kg/m2; P = 0.37) appeared between the CCHS and the control groups. Gender difference also did not emerge between see more the groups (P = 0.92). Axial and radial diffusivity measures were significantly increased in several rostral brain areas in CCHS subjects, GRB10 relative to control subjects. Brain regions with increased radial diffusivity in CCHS were more extensive, relative to sites with increased axial diffusivity. No regions showed significantly higher axial or radial diffusivity values in controls compared with CCHS subjects. Brain regions with significantly higher radial diffusivity in CCHS subjects, without significant changes in axial diffusivity, emerged in the right prefrontal cortex; bilateral parietal and medial occipital cortices; bilateral anterior, mid, and posterior cingulate cortices extending to cingulum bundle; bilateral anterior, superior, and posterior corona radiata; genu; midbody and posterior corpus callosum; bilateral anterior, middle, and posterior insular cortices; bilateral anterior limb of internal capsules extending to caudate nuclei; left anterior and posterior portions of the putamen; left posterior limb of the internal capsule; bilateral ventrolateral temporal lobes; bilateral anterior hippocampus extending to amygdala; hypothalamus; bilateral columns of the fornices; and bilateral orbitofrontal cortices (Fig. 1).
