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The measurements were made in a warm environment in the quiet, awake state without the use of sedation and with Doppler measurements across the pulmonary valve being made early in the study to avoid elevation of estimated pressures because of agitation. The initial study included detailed documentation of anatomy, namely, great-vessel relationships, pulmonary venous return, interatrial and interventricular Ceramidase communications, and the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus. All studies included a review of cardiac anatomy; morphometric measurements (ventricular dimensions, septal and free-wall thicknesses, valve dimensions); ventricular shortening and ejection fractions; Doppler flow measurements across the aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves; and presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO). Right ventricular systolic intervals (pre-ejection period [PEP], acceleration time [AT], and ejection time [ET]) were measured, as well as the R-R interval for calculating heart rate (HR). Measurements were made on a minimum of 3 complete waveforms; the maximal and minimal values (reflecting respiratory variation) were then averaged for the reported result. In healthy infants, systolic time intervals were incorporated into the regression equation of Li56 to estimate Ppasys, as previously published in studies of infants at high altitude.57 When tricuspid regurgitation was present and waveforms were complete, right ventricular pressures were estimated by quantification of the Anticancer Compound Library ic50 tricuspid regurgitation jet with the modified Bernoulli equation.58 When a ductus arteriosus was present, the ductal shunt size was estimated, the direction of flow was documented, and the aortopulmonary pressure difference was derived from maximal velocity detectable in the ductal-flow jet.59 Statistics Data are reported as the mean �� standard error of the mean in the text, tables, AZD8055 in vivo and figures or as the mean and 95% confidence intervals for proportions, except when indicated otherwise. Comparisons between groups at a single time were carried out with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Sidak multiple comparisons to identify the source of the differences observed. The effects of time, ancestry, and their interaction on SaO2 or echocardiographic characteristics were assessed by means of 2-way ANOVA with Tukey��s multiple comparisons. Differences in proportions between groups were tested with ��2. All statistics were conducted in GraphPad software Prism 6.0 (GraphPad, La Jolla, CA). Comparisons are reported as significant when the 2-tailed P