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Geniculate afferents were identified by their response characteristics, in particular, their monocularity, broad or no orientation tuning, higher spontaneous discharge, and relatively faster rising phase of the spike and shorter duration of the action potentials in comparison to soma click here spikes (Bishop et?al. 1962). Figure?Figure3B3B shows the mean waveform with standard error of an afferent recorded after kainate application. It was important that we recorded from single isolated afferents and not from multiple afferents, since an orientation bias of a multiunit response cannot distinguish between the presence of similar orientation biases in all the fibers recorded or due to elongated scatter of essentially circular afferent fields. Our results show that the orientation preferences of single Adenylyl cyclase geniculate afferents match closely with those of the cells in the cortical domain that they terminate in. Panels C and D of Figure?Figure11 constitute an example pair of units, where the orientation preference of an afferent unit matches closely the orientation preference of a cortical unit recorded from the same track. Panels E-G in Figure?Figure11 show three other pairs of examples from three different animals, of an LGN afferent (orange) and a cortical cell (green) that were recorded within the same track. Each of them shows that the orientation preference of the afferent unit matches closely with that of the cortical unit. The pooled data (Fig.?(Fig.4A)4A) show a significant relationship between the orientation preferences of single geniculate afferents and the orientation preferences of the orientation domain that they terminate in (Pearson's r?=?0.633, n?=?22, P?= 0.002). Eleven out of the 22 afferent units showed an orientation preference which was GS-7340 price cortical domain, a result which is significantly different from chance (Chi square?=?8.182, P?=?0.041; see Fig.?Fig.44B). Figure 3 Isolation of spikes from afferent fibers. (A) Example of the response of a single afferent with action potentials recorded with a bandpass filter (300�C3000?Hz) and digitally sampled every 75?��s. (B) Average shape of the ... Figure 4 Correlation between orientation preferences of geniculate afferents and the orientation preference of their target cortical domains. (A) Scatter plot of the preferred cortical and afferent orientation for all pairs, demonstrating a significant correlation ... Discussion Our results address a central issue with regard to how thalamic inputs constrain and determine the responses of cells in the sensory cortices.