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This is lower than the 125% increase in fecal bile acid sequestration with the administration of colesevelam in patients with IBS-D.36 Therefore, the study sample had sufficient power to detect a change in fecal bile acid excretion within the range previously observed with a specific bile acid therapy. Statistical analysis The overall comparison of the primary response measures between the placebo and rifaximin groups was assessed using an intention-to-treat analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with suitable transformation for skewness or to stabilize variances in the distributions of measured responses (e.g., ANCOVA on ranks). The covariates included in the analyses were body mass index and corresponding baseline response measure (e.g., baseline GC24 in the ANCOVA model for posttreatment colonic PD98059 research buy transit at GC24). The ANCOVA model analysis was anticipated to provide similar power for somewhat smaller differences by incorporating the corresponding baseline response measures that were expected to reduce the residual variation in the ANCOVA analyses. Based on the intention-to-treat paradigm, all randomized subjects with missing response values had their missing values imputed using the corresponding overall mean from all Tryptophan synthase subjects with nonmissing values and adjusting the corresponding error degrees of freedom in the ANCOVA models (reducing this by one for each imputed value). All subjects were analyzed based on the treatment group to which they were assigned. For the microbiome analysis, statistical models were built in the programming language R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Mixed linear models were built in R using the function lme within the nlme package. Significance of the fixed and interaction terms was evaluated using the ANOVA term. Significance of the random terms was evaluated using the ANOVA term in R comparing the full linear model with a reduced model that did not have subject term. Where indicated, P values were adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing with the Benjamini and Hochberg method that yields the expected fraction of false positives over a set of multiple hypotheses. MDS clustering was performed at the OTU level using the capscale function in the vegan package in R with the default Decitabine purchase Bray�CCurtis distance. Results Baseline characteristics in the two treatment groups The two treatment groups were well matched for age, body mass index, bowel function, baseline colonic transit, small bowel and colonic permeability (based on urine mannitol excretion and urine lactulose to mannitol ratios), and SCFAs in stool. There were differences in urine lactulose excretion during the first 2?h, but the magnitude of the mean difference (after 1000?mg oral load) was