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Antioxidant enzymes play crucial roles in defense systems to protect cells against environmental stress. Our experiments showed that the algal cellular antioxidant enzymes selleck chemicals llc (SOD and CAT) were triggered to differing degrees when cells were exposed to the BS02 supernatant (Figure ?Figure66). SOD and CAT activities were significantly (p findings indicated that the SOD and CAT activities were activated within a short period of time. SOD activity increased gradually as the treatment time was prolonged up to 36 h. However, it decreased significantly after 36 h, implying that the BS02 supernatant stress in the algal cells was relieved. After 24 h of treatment, CAT activity began to decrease, similar to that of SOD. Although the activity of CAT decreased following the treatments with the 1.0 and 1.5% concentrations as the exposure time was prolonged, its activities at these concentrations were significantly (p BS02 supernatant stress and that the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) were activated to relieve ROS damage. In our study, the antioxidant enzymes responded actively to the BS02 supernatant effects and could relieve part of the damage caused this website by the ROS. However, excess ROS exceeded the functional capacities of the antioxidants and eventually led to oxidative damage. PIGMENT CONTENTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS EFFICIENCY Hamycin ANALYSIS Chlorophyll a plays a crucial role in algal photosynthesis and is the primary light-harvesting chromoprotein that transforms carbon dioxide into carbohydrates in algal cells (Chen, 2014). In our study, Chl a levels decreased significantly compared with the control after exposure to the 1.0 and 1.5% concentrations of supernatant for 24 h. In addition, as the exposure time was prolonged and the concentration was increased, this reduction was even more obvious (Figure ?Figure7A7A). These findings indicated that the pigment structures were destroyed and that the impaired pigments were rapidly degraded. Carotenoids play important roles in controlling the efficiency of light harvesting and preventing the formation of highly reactive singlet oxygen and are thus fundamental components of the photosynthetic apparatus in algae (Santabarbara et al., 2013). The carotenoid level was significantly (p