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39, 95% confidence interval [CI 1.64�C17.74]P?=?0.006). The median PFS was 6.5?months and was significantly longer in female than male patients (39.0 vs 21.2?weeks; P?Staurosporine molecular weight with age group, gender, ethnicity, smoking history, disease stage, ECOG performance status and prior cytotoxic chemotherapy as covariates, the independent predictors of longer median PFS were female gender (HR 95% CI 0.38 [0.22�C0.66]; P?GSK126 the median PFS was significantly longer in female patients, never smokers and patients with stage III disease. ""The association between the immune system and malignancy is at the forefront of research aimed at identifying and developing effective immunotherapies to treat and suppress cancer. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the biology, differentiation and effector functions of key immune cells in the tumor microenvironment is central to this process. The stimulation of T cells results in their activation, triggering the release of cellular mediators, including cytokines and chemokines. The interplay between these components determines the polarization of T cells into phenotypically-, functionally- and transcriptionally-distinct subsets (e.g. T-helper [Th] 1, Th2, Th17 and T-regulatory cells). Given that antigen recognition, costimulation and the cytokine milieu are critical signals in T-cell activation and differentiation, they represent potential and important therapeutic targets for modulating immune responses in disease. The aim of this article is to review the role of T cells in immune protection and pathogenesis, and to discuss the key pathways involved in these processes. T cells are central to the activation and regulation of immune responses. T-cell maturation occurs in the thymus, located in the upper thorax. As well as T cells, this Transducin site is also a major source of antigen-presenting cells (APC), dendritic cells and epithelial cells, which mediate the processes of T-cell education and selection.1 T-cell education is the process by which T cells are selected to subsequently interact with foreign antigens presented on ��self�� major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and not to other components of ��self��, which would otherwise result in autoimmunity.2 However, T cells do have to react weakly to ��self�� antigens to allow for selection and cell differentiation, highlighting how finely tuned this process needs to be.
