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?1). Multiple specimens were available for 46 patients (range, two to seven specimens), 19 of whom were positive in at least one specimen and 11 of whom were positive in consecutive samples. JQ1 molecular weight Among patients with consecutively positive specimens, five were asymptomatic lung transplant recipients with viral loads R428 of bronchoalveolar lavage and three of them (60%) were also HSV-1-positive in lung samples taken at autopsy by both molecular methods and rapid viral isolation. Overall, HSV-1 was detected frequently, with rates similar to those previously reported (up to 35%) [5,6,10]. No significant difference of prevalence according to immune and transplant status, as well as comorbidities, was found; whereas HSV-1 prevalence and load were significantly higher in the presence of critical features such as admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation and mortality within 28?days. The evaluation of the subgroup of surveillance specimens in lung transplant recipients, which may be considered as controls with immunosuppression but no E-64 traumatic or inflammatory stimulus, showed no significant difference in comparison to specimens collected from symptomatic patients, although the low number of specimens should be considered. Interestingly, HSV-1 infection was frequent in the presence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, with a higher prevalence rate than that previously reported [11]. However, given the smaller number of patients in our series, further studies should be performed, particularly in consideration of the poor outcome. As previously suggested [6], a viral load ��105?copies/mL was associated with severity features, in contrast to the lack of association with immunocompromised conditions. The relevance of these findings should also be more appropriately evaluated considering the occurrence of co-infections.