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Oxygenation was assessed by the Pao2/Fio2 ratio. Systemic corticosteroid use was considered when dosages equivalent to 24?mg/day methylprednisolone or 30?mg/day prednisone (adult patients) or ��1?mg/kg methylprednisolone (paediatric patients) were given at ICU admission [15]. All recorded variables were analysed using the SPSS 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) statistical package for Windows. Selleck VE 821 Continuous variables are presented as mean?��?standard deviation (SD) if normally distributed or median�Cinterquartile range (IQR) if not normally distributed; comparison between September 2009�CJanuary 2010 and September 2010�CJanuary 2011 cohorts was performed using the Student��s t-test or the Mann�CWhitney U-test, respectively. Categorical data were expressed as percentages and compared using Pearson��s chi-squared test. All comparisons with p?selleck inhibitor cases of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection. Two among 23 cases of the 2010�C2011 period, were caused by influenza B virus (8.7%). Both had risk factors; the first was a neurologically impaired child mechanically ventilated at home and the second was a 29-year-old HIV-positive patient undergoing chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin��s lymphoma. Co-infection by parainfluenza 3 virus in the first patient and by S.?pneumoniae in the second patient was documented. Admissions by influenza A (H1N1) during the September 2009�CJanuary 2010 period spanned over 6?weeks, from the last week of October 2009 to the first week of December 2009 and peaked in November 2009, whereas cases admitted during the period September 2010�CJanuary 2011 spanned over Parvulin a 5-week period, from the third week of December 2010 to the third week of January 2011, clustering in the last week of December. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the cases are presented in Table?1. Among children, younger ages were more affected in the September 2010�CJanuary 2011 period (median 0.8?years (IQR 0.3�C4.8) vs 7?years (IQR 1.25�C11.5) p?0.05), especially the age group below 2?years (Fig.?1). Primary viral pneumonia was the most prominent clinical diagnosis on admission (Table?1). Pneumonia was significantly less common during the period September 2010�CJanuary 2011 (56.5% vs 83.3%, p?