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The geometrical shape was set to match experimental conditions of tested ceramics with free boundary conditions and surface electrodes at electrical potentials and ground, respectively. Among the wide range of possible outputs that can be calculated in COMSOL, neither the electrical impedance nor the admittance can be obtained directly. However, we can calculate them from the inward surface charge density in the electrodes and the potential. The Figure 3 shows the comparison of the measurement results and the FEM simulations of the two PIC 255 ceramic transducers studied with 25 mm-diameter and 2 mm-thickness (disc), and 10 mm-diameter and 5 mm-thickness (cylinder) dimensions. In Oxygenase the experiment, the voltage was fixed at 1 Vpp and the frequency was swept from 100 buy Dasatinib Hz to 1 MHz with a step frequency of 100 Hz. This wide frequency range was chosen to see not only the first, but the several lowest modes. It can be observed that both results are in quite a good agreement, especially for low frequencies. Discrepancies on higher frequencies are due to some simplification on the geometry, not considering the electrode thickness, or due to mesh limitations [8]. Anyway, our study focused on the lowest frequency modes. Figure 3 Impedance measurements and FEM simulations for PIC 255 cylinder (a) and disc (b). The local minima and maxima that appear in the impedance curve correspond to the resonance and anti-resonance peaks, respectively, of the radial modes (low frequency). With this pair of values we can calculate the generic electromechanical coupling factor k=1?(fr/fa)2 for the lower and higher modes using numerical simulations [8,9,10]. Simulations have been made for several cylindrical and disc ceramic shapes, with different diameter-to-thickness ratios (d/t) between 0.5 (the most cylindrical shape) and 20 (the most disc-like shape) and the corresponding Gefitinib mouse coupling factors k for the three lowest modes were calculated as shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that the best coupling for the lowest mode occurs when d/t