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Education and/or nasal heroin use are associated with reduced cognitive flexibility in this sample of inner city drug users. (Am J Addict 2014;23:431�C439) ""5800" "Background Mortality increases as ambient temperature increases. Because cocaine affects core body temperature, ambient temperature may play a role in cocaine-related mortality in particular. The present study examined the association between ambient temperature and fatal overdoses over time in New York City. Methods Sitaxentan Mortality data were obtained from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for 1990 to 2006, and temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. We used generalized additive models to test the relationship between weekly average temperatures and counts of accidental overdose deaths in New York City, controlling for year and average length of daylight hours. Results We found a significant relation between ambient temperature and accidental overdose fatality for all models where the overdoses were due in whole or in part to cocaine (all P?Alectinib and cocaine users constitute a high-risk group. ""5801" "We very much appreciate the thoughtful comments generated in response to our ��For Debate�� paper by these distinguished scientists. These researchers were Anti-cancer Compound Library research buy given the difficult task of responding to two papers, and we will restrict our replies to those comments that targeted our paper directly. We were heartened to see that all the commentators endorsed our proposal that drug use, by itself, is an inadequate metric for gauging the impact of addiction treatments. In some cases, the commentators agreed with our specific suggestions for outcome domains other than drug use; but each also advocated the inclusion of additional domains or questioned one or more of our recommendations. By our count, at least 13 additional outcome domains were recommended with no overlap across the three papers. The range of proposals offered by the commentators illustrates the difficulty of identifying a uniform set of outcome domains that should be incorporated routinely into treatment studies. Some of the proposed outcomes were fairly specific to one class of drugs or restricted to particular types of drug users. For example, B��hringer [1] suggested that employment, legal status and housing be included as treatment outcome domains.