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On the other hand, we found downregulation of the production of CCL2 presumably resulting in decreased recruitment of macrophages and T cells and impaired IgE-independent release of histamine. These findings indicate that histamine influences the local immune response by two different mechanisms: one ensuring fast presentation of antigens and one preventing an overwhelming immune response. These findings underline the relevance of ORY-1001 mw the H4R in allergic skin diseases and encourage further exploration of the H4R as a therapeutic target in allergic diseases. We appreciate the excellent technical assistance of Gitta K?ther and Susanne Mommert. We thank Robin Thurmond (Johnson & Johnson, La Jolla, CA, USA) for giving us the opportunity to use tissues from the H4R?/? mouse as specificity control for our H4R detection methods. Wolfgang B?umer is appointed as an endowed professor in ��Veterinary Dermatopharmacology�� granted by Bayer Animal Health GmbH. Maria Gschwandtner was awarded for this study with the Art A Hancock Young Investigator Award from the European Histamine Research Society sponsored by Abbott Laboratories. This study was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG: Gu434/5-1, Ba2071/2-1 and GRK1441/1 and the European Community (COST action BM0806). Oxymatrine Maria Gschwandtner was supported by a grant from the Hannover Biomedical Research School. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ""Acetazolamide has become a standard treatment for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks associated with intracranial hypertension. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acetazolamide selleck chemicals llc at decreasing elevated CSF pressure in this patient population. Prospective evaluation and data collection of high intracranial pressure CSF leaks was performed. Subjects underwent CSF diversion and postoperative assessment of pressure changes via a standard protocol. Lumbar drains or ventriculostomies were clamped on postoperative day 2 for 4 hours prior to assessment with a manometer. Acetazolamide (500 mg) was administered orally immediately following the recording and CSF pressure was measured after 4 hours. Data regarding demographics, etiology of CSF leak, body mass index (BMI), location and size of defect, and clinical follow-up were also collected. Thirty-six patients (average age 50 years) with 42 CSF leaks (39 spontaneous, 3 traumatic) and an average BMI of 36.1 were evaluated. Success rate of primary repair was 94.4%, but all patients were effectively sealed with subsequent endoscopic reconstruction (average 80 weeks follow-up). Intracranial pressure (cm H2O) via lumbar puncture or ventriculostomy (n = 2) after clamping was 32.0 �� 7.4. Administration of acetazolamide significantly decreased intracranial pressure to 21.9 �� 7.5 in the 4�C6 hour time frame studied (p