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On-site and integrated psychiatric and substance misuse services in a methadone treatment setting might improve psychiatric outcomes compared with off-site and non-integrated substance misuse and psychiatric care. However, this might not translate into improved substance misuse outcomes. ""Aim School-based smoking prevention programmes may delay the age of smoking initiation, but do not appear to achieve lasting reductions in smoking prevalence beyond school-leaving age. We explored whether delaying the age at which someone initiates smoking may have life-time benefits by increasing the likelihood of quitting in later life. Design and setting Data from the General Household Survey of Great Britain were used in a logistic regression model to examine the association between age at which someone Crenolanib initiates regular smoking and the probability that the person will quit smoking later in life. The effect of confounding variables (sex, ethnicity, socio-economic class, education and geographical location) was taken into account. The predicted relationship was used in a cohort model to estimate the life-time reduction in smoking prevalence and all-cause mortality of a school-based smoking prevention programme. Results Age of regular smoking initiation was associated strongly with the probability of quitting later in life (coefficient ?0.103, P?Anti-diabetic Compound Library by 0.13�C0.32% (depending on age) and all-cause mortality by 0.09% over the life-time of the sample. Conclusion School-based smoking prevention programmes have potential for a beneficial effect over the life-time of the participants even if they have no RecBCD apparent effect at school-leaving age. ""Philosophers have been writing about addiction continually since the 1990s, and a number of much older, broader philosophical theories are of direct relevance to the study of addiction. Yet the developments in the philosophical study of addiction have seldom been incorporated into the science of addiction. In this paper I focus upon two issues in the scientific literature: the disease classification of addiction and the claim that addictive behaviour is compulsive. While each of these views is open to debate on empirical grounds, there is a long history of philosophical work which must be engaged if these claims are to be justified in a philosophical sense. I begin by showing how the conceptual work of philosophers such as Boorse and Nordenfelt can be used to critique the claim that addiction is a disease. Following this, I demonstrate how deep philosophical concepts of freedom and willpower are embedded into scientists' claims about compulsion in drug addiction.
