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11 Indeed, the efficacy of VT ablation has not been consistent and data especially in patients with NICM are limited. Another exciting area of research and innovation involves novel myocardial stimulation techniques and use of electroporation with low dose direct current and modulation of the autonomic nervous system.60�C62 5.?Conclusion Though the efficacy of VT/VF ablation techniques has improved over time, SCDis still an unconquered frontier in cardiac electrophysiology. Neu protein To date, two randomized control trials have shown that prophylactic VT ablation reduced ICD therapy in secondary prevention patients. In polymorphic VTs and VF, we now know that ablation of triggered PVCs is associated with high success rates and considered a potential curative therapy. However, this mechanism exists in only a portion, but not all of VF. SCD therefore remains the leading cause of death. Early recognition of patients at risk, use of ICDs, possible advances in medical therapy, and the above-reviewed ablative and non-ablative approaches may one day put a dent into this large number of tragic loss of life. Conflicts of interest All authors have none to declare.Inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes are electrical abnormalities of the heart caused by derangements in the structure and function of the cardiac ion channels. Since a majority of the primary arrhythmias are due to mutations in the genes encoding the ion channels of the heart, namely Na+, selleck compound K+ and Ca++ channels, they are referred to as ��cardiac ion channelopathies��.1 These are typically monogenic disorders, that is, disorders that follow a clear Mendelian pattern of inheritance, although for some of them a more complex pattern emerges.2 They are most often inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which explains the strong role for family screening in the management of affected patients.3 Autosomal recessive inheritance and the occurrence of de novo mutations are also seen but less frequently. Sudden cardiac death (SCD), defined as death from a cardiac cause occurring shortly after the onset of symptoms, is most often due to an organic cardiac abnormality, Florfenicol such as coronary artery disease or structural heart disease. However, death in young, active and previously healthy individuals with no identifiable cause on autopsy, termed sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS), constitutes up to 5% of SCD in the general population aged 16�C64 years and almost 25�C35% of sudden deaths in the
