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The study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration regarding human experimentation (World Medical Organization, 1996). FIGURE 1 Means of the scores on the Extraversion subscale of the NEO-FFI (A) and ERQ (B) for the four groups. The 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl error bar represents standard error. Stimuli and Procedures The present study used a block-design picture viewing task (see Figure ?Figure22). The task consisted of three blocks, and each block included 40 picture stimuli that were taken from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) and its Chinese adapted Version (Chinese Affective Picture System, CAPS). The picture stimuli were neutral, emotionally irrelevant in the first block, as a non-emotional baseline for computing emotion effect in later conditions (Neutral-View, NV). The last two blocks required subjects to either view 40 unpleasant pictures without using any emotion regulation strategies (Unpleasant-View, UV) or view pictures while regulating unpleasant emotion by expressive suppression (Unpleasant-Suppression, US). The order of the UV and US blocks was counterbalanced across subjects. Unpleasant pictures were composed of the scenes of frightening animals, human attack and body mutilations while neutral pictures depicted the scenes of neutral animals and human activities. FIGURE 2 Schematic illustration of the experimental procedure. In order to avoid emotional habituation or sensitization when a single BLU9931 cost set of pictures are repeatedly presented, the current study randomly selected two different sets of unpleasant pictures for the UV and US. Also, there was evidence showing a cultural bias when IAPS was applied to Chinese subjects (Bai et al., 2005). In order to control these influences and attribute differences in dependent variables solely to emotion regulation, we conducted a separate procedure checking whether the two sets of pictures were similar in emotional parameters for Chinese people (Yuan et al., 2014b). For this purpose, four trained judges (two males) blind to research purposes were invited to rate the valence (9-point scale, from 1: extremely unpleasant to 9: extremely pleasant) and arousal (9-point scale, from 1: very calm to 9: very excited) of the pictures. The four judges were highly mTOR inhibitor consistent in assessing the emotionality of the pictures. The inter-rater reliability (Kendall��s coefficient of concordance) was 0.83 [��2(3) = 9.9; p