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Some studies conducted in the northern USA have also demonstrated that a high proportion of mothers and their infants have vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with the cutoff values of cord blood 25(OH)D concentration ranging from MK8776 have been inconsistent. One reason for this discrepancy is the use of different methods of vitamin D assessment across studies. Some studies have used maternal/infant supplement intake, which is not an objective measure of serum 25(OH)D. With solar exposure serving as a major source of vitamin D (3), dietary/supplement intake click here alone cannot fully reflect an individual��s vitamin D status. Another reason may be differences in study design as the majority are cross-sectional studies that are unable to determine temporal and causal association. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin D status on allergic diseases may only exist among a subgroup of subjects with particular genotypes. However, genetic susceptibility has yet to be considered in these studies. Finally, only a few vitamin D studies have focused on serum IgE levels (11, 16, 18, 20), an important intermediate phenotype of allergic diseases including food allergy. A recent large German birth cohort study demonstrated that early-onset and persistent FS were independent risk factors for physician-diagnosed food allergy at age six (21). Experimental evidence also strongly suggests that the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), could influence IgE production because of its regulatory effects on the immune system (22). We speculate that a careful evaluation of vitamin D status along with genetic susceptibility in relation to the development Thymidine kinase of FS in a prospective birth cohort study will provide new insight into the role of VDD in the development of FS and subsequent food allergy. Using a large, well-established US prospective birth cohort, we evaluated the relationship of cord blood 25(OH)D concentration with the development of FS in early childhood, with simultaneous consideration of individual genetic variants in 11 genes known to be involved in IgE synthesis (IL4, IL13, IL4RA, IL13RA1), regulation of IgE function through its receptor complex (FCER1A, MS4A2, FCER1G) (23, 24), and modulation of vitamin D metabolism (CYP27B1,CYP24A1, VDR, GC) (22, 25). We were particularly interested in whether individual genetic variations could modify the VDD�CFS association, that is, if there are gene�CVDD interactions on FS. The Boston Birth Cohort is an ongoing study that enrolls mother�Cinfant pairs at birth and prospectively follows the infants at the Boston Medical Center (BMC).