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Notably, QT and other markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) deterioration were associated with the use of calcium-containing phosphate binders [29]. Recently, Claes et al. [30] confirmed the link between vascular calcification and QT tract abnormalities in 193 patients (118 men, 52 years old) with CKD stage 5D. A prolonged corrected QT interval Ruxolitinib was detected in 26% of the study cohort and was directly associated with the extent of aortic calcifications (P = 0.0004) independent of age, gender, CVD history, electrolytes and parameters of mineral metabolism [30]. Though the mechanisms underlying the positive association between QT duration and arterial calcification remain largely unknown, we designed a prospective randomized controlled trial to test in a large cohort of incident dialysis patients whether attenuation of vascular calcification progression also reduces QT tract prolongation and mortality (INDEPENDENT study; registered on ClinicalTrials.Gov, NCT00710788) Amiloride [31]. Epidemiology of cardiac depolarization disorders in the general population and CKD patients QT interval prolongation (QTc interval ��440ms) represents a common ECG finding both among subjects from the general population and CKD patients. In a recent systemic review of the medical literature, among the 36 031 individuals from the general population included in the studies considered, a total of 2677 (8.7%) subjects had a QTc interval longer than 440ms [12]. Data from the CV Health Study (CHS) suggest that subjects with CKD not yet receiving dialysis also exhibit longer corrected QT intervals Vemurafenib mouse compared with peers without CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR, >60 mL/min1.73 m2) [32]. In this large community-based study of 3238 adults older than 65 years and free from CVD, the unadjusted QT prolongation index [QTI: represents the percentile prolongation of the QT interval with respect to the median value of a large North American sample: QTI % = QT/656 �� (heart rate + 100)] was significantly longer among participants with CKD compared with the remainder of the study cohort [32]. However, these differences were explained by the different prevalence of traditional CV risk factors as well as CV medication use [32]. In 1999, two independent research groups [33, 34] reported on a significant QT tract prolongation and dispersion in 34 and 50 patients on maintenance dialysis. Morris et al. [33] showed that QTd was significantly higher in HD patients (63.1��20.6 ms) compared with controls (36.0 ��13.7 ms; P