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Modeling methods Simulations were trained SWAP70 following the avoidance protocol described above and assigned to ITI signal present or absent conditions. However, instead of considering what we defined earlier as ��male�� and ��female,�� we examined the effect of changing only the shock value (?4 vs. ?8), holding the learning rate in the critic constant at either 0.01 or 0.05. We also examined the effect of changing only the learning rate in the critic (0.01 or 0.05), with shock value held constant at ?4 or ?8. The ITI signal was never presented in extinction. Results and discussion For simulations where the learning rate in the critic module (��) was held constant (at either 0.01 or 0.05), separate mixed-design ANOVAs with a within-subjects factor of training session, and between-subjects factors of shock cost (?4 or ?8) and ITI signal condition (present or absent), were performed on the proportion of avoidance responses. Similar analyses were performed on simulations where shock cost was held constant (at either ?4 or ?8), in which case �� (0.01 or 0.05) was a between-subjects factor. In either case, the acquisition and extinction phase were also analyzed separately. For a complete summary of the statistics for these simulations, refer to the Supplemental Information 2, Section 2. Simulations where sex differences NVP-BKM120 nmr were defined only by shock cost and �� was held at 0.01 are presented in Fig. 7A. There was a significant interaction between session and shock cost, F(4.2, 152) = 28.434, p faster and to a greater extent than simulations with lower shock cost. The main effects of session, F(4.2, 152) = 347.208, p buy BIBW2992 results were obtained for simulations where sex differences were defined by shock cost but �� was held at 0.05 (Fig. 7B). Again, an interaction between session and shock cost, F(4.94, 177.67) = 22.434, p