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Identification was considered to PCI-32765 in vivo be correct when there was a concordance between the identification found with the MALDI-TOF MS and that of current phenotypic methods. For discordant results at the species level, identifications were considered to be correct with MALDI-TOF MS if the score was >2. For discordant results at the genus level, 16S rDNA sequencing was performed and the molecular biology result was considered as the reference. Of 1013 isolates (Fig.?1), 837 were identified at the species level (with score values ��2) without extraction. For 176 isolates, an extraction step was performed. Among these, 149 isolates were identified at the species level (with score values ��2); 16 were identified at the genus level (with score values in the range 1.7�C1.999); seven isolates remained unidentified (score value Thalidomide was not concordant either with sequencing at the species level. Lastly, the MALDI-TOF MS gave four false identifications: Haemophilus salivarius was identified as Streptococcus salivarius, Bordetella parapertussis was identified as Bordetella bronchiseptica, Citrobacter freundii was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus australis was identified as Streptococcus parasanguinis PARP cancer by sequencing and Streptococcus mitis by phenotypic methods. With MALDI-TOF MS, four isolates were incorrectly identified at the genus level and a further seven isolates were not identified at all, for a total of 11 unidentified or wrongly identified isolates. Among these 11 isolates, four were identified at the species level with phenotypic methods: Haemophilus aphrophilus, P.?aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Clostridium ramosum. With regard to standard phenotypic methods, an identification was obtained for 1006 out of 1013 bacteria. Nine hundred and forty-five (93.2%) were correctly identified at the species level and 996 cases (98.4%) at the genus level. With regard to identification at the species level, the phenotypic methods failed for 52 isolates (5.13%). Among the most common errors, ten were coagulase negative staphylococci, six were Pseudomonas sp. and two were Aeromonas sp. for which the species were not well identified. Twelve Enterobacteriaceae and five Corynebacteria sp. were not correctly identified either. However, for the majority of the cases (35/52), standard methods were able to identify the correct genus.